2014年5月23日 星期五
2014年5月16日 星期五
Skoll Foundation
Jeff Skoll created The Skoll Foundation in 1999 to pursue
his vision of a sustainable world of peace and prosperity. The mission of Skoll
Foundation is to drive large scale change by investing in, connecting and
celebrating social entrepreneurs and the innovators who help them solve the
world’s most pressing problems. Social entrepreneurs are society’s change
agents, creators of innovations that disrupt the status quo and transform our
world for the better. By identifying the people and programs already bringing
positive change around the world, we empower them to extend their reach, deepen
their impact and fundamentally improve society.
2014年5月15日 星期四
PATH
PATH is an international nonprofit organization that transforms global health through innovation. Our approach blends the entrepreneurial spirit of business, the scientific expertise of a research institution, and the passion and on-the-ground experience of an international NGO.
Institute for OneWorld Health is now an affiliate of PATH. Youtube: Institute of OneWorld Health
2014年5月10日 星期六
2014年5月5日 星期一
Community Interest Company
The
Community Interest Company (CIC) is a new limited company structure for Social
Enterprises that secures an ‘asset lock’ for the community and focuses on
community benefit. It has been designed to make incorporation simple for SEs
wishing to use the familiar corporate form with a separate legal identity from
its members.
Compared
with other limited companies, CICs are subject to additional regulation to
ensure that the community benefits (www.cicregulator.gov.uk).
The regulation
of a company as a CIC has to be approved by the regulator, who also thereafter
has a monitoring and enforcement role. To apply for registration, the SE must
provide the regulator with evidence that
it satisfies the community interest test. In order to determine whether
or not a company satisfies (or will satisfy) the test, the SE needs to
consider:
- The purposes for which it has been set up;
- The range of activities it is engaged in;
- Who will be seen as benefiting from its activities.
There are
now over 2000 organizations in the UK registered as CICs. Each CIC is required
to report to the regulator on what it delivers for the community and its
stakeholder involvement. In addition to the ‘asset lock’, CICs are subject to a
dividend cap. This means that, unlike most companies, CICs may only declare a
dividend by an ordinary or special resolution of its members ( a dividend
cannot be declared by the directors alone).
Bob Doherty
and others (2009) Management for Social Enterprise. Los Angeles: Sage. p.38.
Cooperatives
Cooperatives
are structured and run in accordance with the cooperative principles:
- Voluntary and open membership;
- Democratic member control;
- Economic participation by members;
- Autonomy and independence;
- Education, training and information;
- Cooperation between cooperatives;
- Concern for community.
The members
who own and control the cooperative can be employees, customers, tenants or a
combination of these groups. The Midcounties Co-op is known for some
interesting ventures, including retail, funeral care and car dealership (www.osg.corp). It is the fourth largest regional
consumer coop in the UK, with a turnover of £300 million. In 2002, it launched
a new social venture called Imagine Co-operative Childcare (www.imagine.coop) to provide affordable
childcare across its trading area. The childcare SE now boasts five nurseries.
Bob Doherty
and others (2009) Management for Social Enterprise. Los Angeles: Sage.
2014年4月26日 星期六
Economic and Social Criteria of Social Enterprise
OECD identified a set of key economic and social elements
that help define social enterprise across national differences:
Economic Criteria:
- Unlike traditional non-profit organisations, social enterprises are directly engaged in the production and/or sale of goods and services (rather than predominantly advisory or grant-giving functions)
- Social enterprises are voluntarily created and managed by groups of citizens. As a result, while they may receive grants and donations from public authorities or private companies, social enterprises enjoy a high degree of autonomy and shareholders have the right to participate (‘voice’) and to leave the organisation (‘exit’);
- The financial viability of social enterprises depends on the efforts of their members, who are responsible for ensuring adequate financial resources, unlike most public institutions. Social enterprises therefore involve a significant level of economic risk;
- Activities carried out by social enterprises require a minimum number of paid workers, even if they may combine voluntary and paid workers.
Social criteria:
- Social enterprises are the result of an initiative by citizens involving people belonging to a community or to a group that shares a certain need or aim. They must maintain this dimension in one form or another
- Decision making rights are shared by stakeholders, generally through the principle of ‘one member, one vote’. Although capital owners in social enterprises play an important role, decision-making power is not based on capital ownership;
- Social enterprises are participatory in nature, insofar as those affected by the activities (the users of social enterprises’ services) are represented and participate in the management of activities. In many cases one of the objectives is to strengthen democracy at local level through economic activity;
- Social enterprises include organisations that totally prohibit the distribution of profits and organisations such as co-operatives, which may distribute their profit only to a limited degree. Social enterprises therefore avoid profit maximising behaviour, as they involve a limited distribution of profit.
- Social enterprises pursue an explicit aim to benefit the community or a specific group of people. By doing so, they directly and indirectly promote a sense of social responsibility at local level.
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